Curiosity and a constant drive to improve old methods have always shaped chemistry. Composite catalysts didn’t explode onto the scene overnight—they grew from years of trial, many failures, and gradual discovery. Looking back, chemists in the early 20th century often blended materials by guesswork, chasing better yields in petroleum refining, fertilizer production, and environmental cleanup. Through the decades, they realized that mixing metal oxides with supports like alumina or silica brought out new behaviors. Experiences in the lab showed that combinations worked magic traditional, single-component catalysts couldn’t match. What started as crude mixtures began to evolve into precisely tailored materials by the late twentieth century, each new breakthrough building on thousands of experiments. Lab notebooks tell stories of researchers hitting walls and stubbornly trying again, always convinced that a clever combination could push boundaries further. Looking at the landscape today, it’s clear: composite catalysts reflect decades of hands-on science and the persistence of countless researchers who refused to believe the limits were fixed.
A novel composite catalyst brings together materials that handle different jobs in one tiny structure. What sets these apart from classic catalysts comes from this team effort at the micro-level. You might find a zeolite scaffold loaded with transition metal ions, all coated with an acid or basic layer to guide specific chemical reactions. In practical settings, some of the most compelling designs include rare earth metals supported on nanoparticles, creating shortcuts in chemical pathways that save money and reduce waste. The appeal isn’t just about speed; composite catalysts often handle heavier workloads and last longer under rough conditions in a plant. Looking at the shelves in chemical warehouses, you’ll see a range of composite catalysts tailored to crack heavy petroleum fractions, clean up noxious gases, or build complex pharmaceuticals. Each batch arrived after repeated adjustments and a dose of real-world trial and error.
Composite catalysts stand out thanks to the way their ingredients interact at every scale. Structure matters. In general, these materials feel gritty or powdery, sometimes forming pellets for major reactors. Mixes of oxides, metals, and functionalized carriers create a maze of pores, each pore acting like a playground for molecules on the move. Chemical stability is crucial—they need to stand up to high heat, swings in pH, and a soup of chemicals passing through. Over years of lab work, it became obvious that the surface area makes a real difference; the more reach an active surface has, the more efficiently it works. Not all composites play fair. Sometimes, exposure to water causes caking or deactivation. Learning through trial and often expensive error which mixes resist deactivation remains part of every lab’s routine.
Those of us dealing with regulatory requirements keep a close eye on technical data sheets. Every bag, drum, or vial includes precise figures—surface area in square meters per gram, average pore diameter, particle size distribution, active metal content, and thermal limits. This isn’t just red tape. Having exact specs matters when loading a reactor worth millions of dollars or trying to repeat a breakthrough lab reaction on a commercial scale. Without clear specs, teams can lose entire production runs or risk safety incidents. Labeling also involves safety codes, handling instructions, and batch numbers for tracking quality and recalls. I once watched a pilot project grind to a halt because a mislabeled shipment contained the wrong balance of active sites, setting back weeks of work and exhausting tight budgets.
Making composite catalysts feels as much art as science. Labs often start by co-precipitating metals from solution onto a support, then baking the mix in a controlled atmosphere. Sometimes, teams use sol-gel techniques, hydrothermal synthesis, or plain old impregnation and drying. What ends up working in one project might flop in another. Adjusting temperature, pH, and the rate of mixing can tip the balance between a blockbuster and a dud. Once, chasing tiny margins in selectivity, we spent months swapping a nickel precursor for a cobalt one, only to realize that pre-treating the carrier with acid gave a bigger bump. Production always feels like a balancing act, not just a recipe. Operators need to monitor every step since contamination or uneven heat can ruin an entire batch, costing serious money and time.
Unique reaction environments lie at the core of composite catalyst performance. By combining oxides with metals, labs harness acid-base reactions alongside redox processes. Each combination unlocks special reaction channels—think selective hydrogenation, oxidative coupling, or isomerization. In my own work, switching the spacer between components instantly doubled the lifetime of our catalyst under high temperature, thanks to suppressed sintering. Modifications often involve doping with trace amounts of rare elements, tweaking surface acidity, or designing new supports for better heat transfer. Researchers can tune the surroundings to favor one molecule over another, which is critical in refining, waste gas cleanup, and making new medicines. Poorly designed modifications also run the risk of poisoning: impure feeds or harsh conditions slowly choke the catalyst, forcing teams to tweak recipes or spend big on regeneration.
Talking to suppliers and scouting catalogs for the right product means learning the long list of aliases. A single composite catalyst might go by a dozen names: ZSM-5/metallo-oxide hybrid, bifunctional reforming catalyst, dual-site Fischer-Tropsch agent, or even a branded name like EnviroCat or Nu-Chem Ultra. Product sheets offer shorthand, but details underneath tell the real story. Confusion comes easily when switching between markets or vendors, as naming follows no single rule. Tracking batch numbers and keeping up with renamed products matters a lot—especially in regulated spaces where safety recalls or patent rights stay on the line.
Adhering to safety and operational standards isn’t a luxury—everything turns on it. Reliable companies invest in regular safety audits, clear instructions for storage, and personal protective equipment for all handlers. Catalysts with free-flowing fine powders require dust control and respiratory protection, while others release toxic vapors when heated. Labs follow strict guidelines from agencies like OSHA and REACH, often setting exposure limits, spill protocols, and step-by-step decontamination procedures. Once, a lab technician ignored basic ventilation advice, leading to a costly evacuation and damaging sensitive analytical equipment. Companies that skimp on training or ignore clear labeling risk litigation, loss of certification, and even criminal penalty if injuries result. Maintaining standards evolves from lessons learned the hard way and from valuing the people behind every process.
Novel composite catalysts find plenty of work across sectors: improving the efficiency and cleanliness of fuels, stripping toxins like NOx and SOx from exhaust, creating specialized plastics, and enabling pharmaceutical synthesis. Refineries depend on them to convert heavy oil residues into valuable gasoline. Power plants use them to convert raw flue gases into harmless compounds, meeting tough environmental caps and reducing fines. In the pharma sector, composite catalysts speed up reactions that shape complex molecules, shaving months off drug development timelines. Real-world impact shows up in cleaner air, more affordable medicines, and lighter environmental footprints. Every time a new composite catalyst enters service, it echoes years of bench-top testing and the effort to solve large-scale process headaches.
Research in this field runs at a fast pace, fueled by the global push for cleaner, more efficient processes. University departments partner with big industry labs, pooling resources to tackle persistent challenges like catalyst poisoning, selectivity, or costly raw material supplies. Most major breakthroughs arise from close teamwork—chemists, process engineers, materials scientists—each bringing unique perspectives. Innovations often bubble up from hands-on successes: a student noticing better conversion rates with a minor tweak, or an industrial chemist scaling up a promising nano-composite recipe. Grants from energy, environment, and pharma sectors drive exploration into alternatives to scarce or toxic catalyst components. The goal remains constant: lower costs, cleaner chemistry, and better resilience under real operating conditions.
No discussion counts without looking at health and safety. Many composite catalysts include metals known for toxicity: chromium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earths. The dust from these can irritate lungs, while spent material sometimes risks leaching heavy metals into the environment. Labs perform rigorous studies on biodegradability, leaching rates in soil or water, and worker exposure. The shift toward safer, less hazardous alternatives tracks closely with growing regulatory pressure and public scrutiny. In my own circle, repeated skin exposure to nickel-based catalysts once led to minor allergic reactions—a wake-up call for stricter handling protocols and more thorough risk assessment. Findings from toxicity studies get shared across the industry, nudging both regulators and developers toward safer solutions and better accountability.
Looking ahead, the innovation pipeline feels rich with possibilities. Next-generation composites embrace novel supports like graphene or metal-organic frameworks. Digital modeling tools take much of the grunt work out of predicting new recipes—cutting months from the trial-and-error loop. More teams experiment with “green” chemistry: recyclable catalysts, biosourced carriers, or systems that operate under mild conditions. The world’s shift toward renewable energy and low-carbon processes opens new markets in hydrogen, fuel cells, and CO2 utilization. The future for composite catalysts seems to lean heavily on sustainable design and global collaboration, driving both commercial advantage and environmental gains. Teams that embrace transparency in toxicity, safety, and performance will continue to set the pace.
Scientists keep searching for new ways to speed up chemical reactions without the massive energy costs. Composite catalysts attract attention because they mix materials with different properties into a single agent. In discussion today, the so-called “novel composite catalyst” brings together several key components that create a more active, longer-lasting material. Based on research and lab practice, the foundation comes from three main types of ingredients: support structures, active metallic sites, and structural additives.
Support structures form the backbone of any composite catalyst. These are often made from solid materials like alumina, silica, or titania. These supports give the catalyst high surface area, letting more reactant molecules meet catalytic sites. A higher surface means better reach and less wasted material. Silica often provides stability, even during harsh reactions. Alumina brings excellent thermal resistance, which becomes critical when dealing with heat-heavy processes. Titania steps in for higher selectivity when refining products.
Active metals, such as platinum, palladium, iron, or nickel, form the working heart of the catalyst. Scientists tune the metal choice depending on the reaction targeted. For example, platinum helps drive hydrogenation, while nickel often works for reforming hydrocarbons. In practice, these metals disperse in tiny clusters or nanoparticles across the surface of the support. This spread increases their exposure, helping a small amount of precious metal trigger a big shift in chemical balance. Bimetallic combinations have also gained attention since pairing metals (think platinum with palladium) can spark reactions that either element manages alone with far lower efficiency.
Some catalysts lose their punch with time, poisoned by impurities or blocked by byproducts. To counteract, composite systems bring in additives. These include promoters like cerium, lanthanum, or magnesium, which guard against deactivation and help cleanse unwanted carbon buildup. Other additives, such as zeolites, can force molecules down specific pathways, improving product purity by screening out unwanted reactions. In fuel cells, carbon-based additives have increased conductivity, proving useful during research into sustainable energy. Scientists have shown that even tiny tweaks–a pinch of zirconium or vanadium–can raise both strength and selectivity, providing companies a bridge between performance and cost.
Over the years, experience in labs has shown that the right balance among these components spells the difference between a practical catalyst and an expensive lab curiosity. The composite approach helps reduce reliance on rare metals. Nickel and iron, much cheaper than platinum or rhodium, can step in when structured well with proper supports and additives. My own work with automotive catalysts stressed the value of strong supports. Tests showed that catalysts built with high-surface silica and well-dispersed platinum held up longer, demanded fewer replacements, and slashed emissions more effectively. Companies in China and Germany have published reports backing these findings, with novel catalysts cutting NOx emissions in half and delivering longer lifespans under industrial stress.
Reproducibility remains a challenge. Industrial scale-up can lead to loss of surface area or uneven distribution of metal clusters. Solutions often focus on better mixing and refining syntheses. Advanced imaging, like transmission electron microscopy, lets researchers watch tiny metallic particles during operation, offering hints on better designs. Detailed studies confirm that maintenance of catalyst activity links to the precise blend and arrangement of its principal parts.
The hunt for more efficient and affordable composite catalysts keeps evolving. Breakthroughs appear less from single “magic bullet” materials and more from clever ways to combine everyday elements. Understanding and controlling how these components work together opens new doors in everything from clean energy to safer chemicals.
Novel composite catalysts caught my attention after speaking with a former oil refinery supervisor. He described the endless hunt for better ways to break down heavy hydrocarbons and trim energy costs. Units like fluid catalytic crackers and hydrocrackers run day and night, turning crude into fuels and chemicals. Traditional catalysts get the job done, but every extra percentage of conversion carries a massive economic prize. A jump in selectivity or longevity can mean millions, along with a lighter environmental footprint. Reports show composite catalysts are up to the challenge, resisting deactivation from metals and blocking unwanted byproducts. More reliable output means refineries can rethink how often equipment needs to stop for replacement. Hearing about fewer shutdowns made me realize how much efficiency hinges on the parts you rarely see.
Chemical plants churn out everything from plastics to detergents, often leaning on metal catalysts to steer complex reactions. Many of these metals are rare and expensive. Adding functional materials into a single composite site unlocks brand-new pathways for catalytic reactions. My colleague in specialty chemicals shared how shifting from old-school single-metal catalysts reduced side reactions and saved a fortune on waste disposal. Fewer byproducts meant less money washing down the drain—literally. Manufacturers today look for catalysts that drive cleaner synthesis, cater to regulations, and trim hazardous steps from their playbooks. Composite catalysts offer reaction precision and use less toxic metals, checking several boxes in the process.
Fuel cell tech tries to squeeze out every bit of efficiency from hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity. Cheap catalysts drop performance as soon as impurities show up. People in the energy storage field say composite catalysts hold up under demanding runtimes and resist poisons like carbon monoxide. This keeps fuel cells pumping cleanly for longer periods, whether in cars or backup grids. Dropping platinum content without losing spikes in power density can pull prices down and broaden real-world adoption. Cost and stability show up in every feasibility study and are make-or-break factors in rolling out alternative energy.
Making new medicines carries a reputation for wasteful chemistry, with lots of solvents and hazardous steps. Industry insiders have spoken about how composite catalysts help fine-tune enantioselective synthesis, cutting down on harmful intermediates and smoothing scaling issues. That aligns with tougher global standards for green chemistry and gives labs a stronger case when negotiating production contracts. Drug makers can simplify purification departments and ship cleaner active ingredients to market. Upgrading synthesis methods with smarter catalysts keeps costs lower and boosts environmental credentials, which now matter more than ever to buyers and regulators.
Composite catalysts aren’t just about making new products. Some of the most exciting work happens cleaning up industrial messes. Water treatment facilities use them to destroy persistent organic pollutants. Air purification systems in factories rely on catalytic converters built with cutting-edge blends. I met an engineer who spent years tackling volatile organic compounds released from paint plants. Using customized composite catalysts, they broke these pollutants into harmless piles, lowering health risks for nearby communities and workers. That sort of impact shows why industrial innovation flows straight back to the real world, affecting public health and safety.
Stories from hands-on professionals suggest composite catalysts open doors in unexpected places. The payoff stretches beyond faster production. Lower costs, cleaner reactions, and stronger resilience to contaminants paint a picture where industries can grow responsibly. Investing in this technology strengthens the backbone of sectors that shape modern life—energy, medicine, manufacturing, and clean-up. That kind of progress doesn’t just stay on the books; it ripples out to communities and the environment.
Catalysts have kept the world moving for centuries. They help deliver plastics, fuels, medicines, and more—basically, everything we rely on daily. Over the years, industry has leaned hard on metals like platinum, nickel, and palladium for tough chemical reactions. These metals work, but the price and resource limitations bother anyone keeping an eye on long-term supply and wallet health.
Along comes the Novel Composite Catalyst—the science crowd’s way of saying, “Let’s shake things up.” This new player combines materials to make something stronger, faster, and—even more important—less expensive to work with. Lab numbers tell a story that’s hard to ignore. Faster reaction rates, higher product yields, and far less waste than classic metal catalysts. Sometimes, a novel catalyst slashes the operating temperature by a third. In energy-intensive industries, that means big savings, and for the climate, it’s nothing short of a win.
As someone who’s spent long hours in pilot plant environments, the grip old catalysts have on process design can drive a person up the wall. Batch after batch, you see the same problem—fouling and deactivation. Those catalysts clog with byproducts and lose punch. What often ends up happening? More shutdowns, more cleaning, more cost. Some traditional catalysts last for months—others blink out in weeks depending on feedstock quality.
Teams running trials with the new composites talk about significant leaps in working life. A few plants reported doubling, even tripling their on-stream times before changing out the material. That may not make headlines, but for anyone balancing budgets or checking maintenance calendars, it feels revolutionary.
Take selective hydrogenation, a classic testbed for catalysts. Traditional systems rely on pure precious metals. They work, but often bring side reactions, chewing up valuable products and generating pollutants. Composite catalysts, with their hybrid structures, seem to push the reaction only where it’s needed. Lab trials show cleaner output and less wasted feedstock. That means fewer environmental headaches at the end of the process pipeline.
Look at numbers from global chemical producers. Companies chasing circular economy targets turned to these composite materials and reported marked drops in total emissions. Those aren’t just marketing claims—peer-reviewed journals back them up, often showing a reduction of up to 30% in greenhouse gases for the same mass of product.
Of course, swapping out tried-and-true kit doesn’t happen overnight. Engineers feel nervous about making wholesale changes. Testing, monitoring, and regulatory checks take time. Some composites still run into trouble in ultra-high-pressure environments or with dirty feedstocks. They’re tough, but not miracle workers yet.
Moving forward, collaboration between producers, researchers, and regulators will steer adoption. Real-world feedback shapes fine-tuning. Training for operators also matters—no catalyst performs at its best in the wrong hands. Industries that dive into composite catalysts early enjoy lower costs and cleaner processes. Sooner or later, the laggards catch on, because better solutions have a way of spreading, no matter how much tradition pushes back.
Developers can boost this trend by making data and performance metrics transparent. Sharing both wins and setbacks fosters trust. Financial incentives for adopting greener, more robust catalysts help smaller companies climb aboard. On the academic side, partnerships with industry practitioners make sure research lines up with the messiness of the real world, not just lab conditions.
The old metals served well, but new composite catalysts point to a future where chemistry bends further in favor of efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. They don’t just promise better performance—they’re already delivering it for those willing to move forward.
Every researcher who spends long hours around advanced catalysts knows one thing: all the innovation in the world won’t save your project if you overlook basics like storage and handling. In my years visiting labs and talking with chemical engineers, I’ve seen teams cut corners to save time, only to mess up results, cause safety scares, and waste expensive reagents.
The Novel Composite Catalyst isn’t some ordinary powder on a shelf. Its unique mix of metals and supports usually gives it a moisture sensitivity that most mainstream catalysts just don’t have. Exposure to humidity, even for a few minutes longer than ideal, leads to clumping, inconsistent reaction rates, and off-the-charts variability. In worst-case scenarios, the material can start to break down or become unreactive—nobody wants to explain that to their funding agency.
Researchers who handle these advanced catalysts usually keep them in tightly sealed, moisture-proof containers. That means glass jars with ground-glass stoppers or specialized metal canisters with screw tops and desiccant packs. I’ve seen one lab slip up after a coffee break, only to discover their catalyst thoroughly compromised by ambient air. One simple habit—recapping jars right away—keeps tens of thousands of dollars’ worth of material from going to waste.
Temperature swings cause as much trouble as humidity for these materials. Hot storage cupboards or benches next to radiators don’t just risk chemical breakdown—they can shift the physical structure of a catalyst, especially those loaded with finely dispersed metals. I spent a summer in a facility where careless storage turned a world-class material into a sluggish, underperforming mess.
Most suppliers recommend refrigerators or dedicated cool storage rooms for sensitive catalysts. Not every lab has those luxuries, but a cheap temperature monitor and thoughtful placement go a long way. Refrigeration can slow down unwanted reactions and keeps oxygen out, especially if you use vacuum-sealed packaging or replenish with dry nitrogen. This isn’t just about performance—it’s about safety too. In some cases, overheated catalysts form peroxides or even become pyrophoric.
Some researchers see careful storage as a box to check, then get careless once the jar’s open. Here’s the reality: the safest protocol is using gloves, eye protection, and working inside an inert-atmosphere glove box if the product requires it. Some labs adopt rigorous labeling and keep logs of opening times and handling details—a habit I picked up from a German group known for its meticulous work.
Simple habits make a big difference. Scoops need to be dry and clean, and work areas should have minimal airflow to avoid scattering fine catalyst particles. Public health concerns come up too—many metals used in these next-generation catalysts are toxic if inhaled or absorbed. Proper dust masks, working near fume hoods, and short open-air exposure periods reduce risk for everyone in the room.
Nobody loves paperwork, but digital checklists and barcode tracking boost traceability. When I spent a year on a production line, digital logs cut down on accidents and helped the team catch poorly stored material long before it hit a reactor. Transparent training and a culture of speaking up keep staff honest about mistakes, so people learn and adapt quickly.
Suppliers now add real-time humidity sensors to packaging—an innovation that takes the guesswork out of storage. These upgrades, and the willingness of labs to adopt simple routines, prevent costly errors and protect everyone handling these highly engineered materials.
Every chemist I’ve ever met gets excited about new catalysts—especially the ones that promise a blend of stability, activity, and lower energy use. The Novel Composite Catalyst checks a lot of these boxes. Something that strikes me right away is its wide reach. Straightforward applications outpace older single-metal varieties, especially in stubborn chemical reactions that usually eat up resources or leave traces of dangerous byproducts.
Walk into any pharmaceuticals plant and you’ll spot the need for catalysts that keep reactions clean and efficient. The Novel Composite Catalyst offers a helping hand in hydrogenation. Traditional hydrogenation sometimes involves costly metals or hard-to-handle conditions. With the new catalyst, you can sharply reduce operating pressure and temperature, streamlining drug compound synthesis and reducing harmful leftovers you’d otherwise need to scrub out later.
Polymer manufacturing also benefits. My time in plastics research taught me how vital consistent polymer chain growth can be. The composite catalyst allows for controlled chain extension, so manufacturers can tailor plastic properties for strength or flexibility. Less waste and tighter quality control flow naturally from these better reactions.
There’s real movement in making environmental cleanup more practical. I’ve seen municipal plants fighting water contamination. The Novel Composite Catalyst, thanks to its multiphase design, makes oxidative degradation of pollutants simpler. It breaks down dyes and pharmaceutical traces in water streams faster, using less energy compared to traditional approaches.
A standout feature shows up in organic synthesis. The catalyst drives selective oxidation reactions with remarkable precision. For example, converting alcohols to aldehydes or ketones usually poses a risk of burning off too much reactant. The composite design limits over-oxidation, which means more main product without extra purification runs.
Dehydrogenation of alkanes offers another highlight. Petrochemical plants rely on these reactions for high-demand base chemicals like ethylene or propylene. The composite catalyst provides a stable surface that holds up during repeated cycles, with less coking and deactivation, so plants can run longer without swapping catalyst beds.
In my own work dealing with fine chemicals, I’ve faced challenges getting meaningful yields in C–C coupling reactions. The new catalyst supports these reactions at a pace that beats older base-metal options. Lower reaction temperatures and shorter times help cut overhead, which means more output per day.
No catalyst wins on every front. New catalysts often arrive with hype and stumble in scale-up. The Novel Composite Catalyst shows more promise in handling industrial-scale stress. Lab results point toward reliability, but scaling up faces hurdles like sourcing precursor materials and managing spent catalyst recovery.
I believe tighter collaboration with recycling programs and green chemistry labs offers a path to solving the disposal puzzle. Cheaper, safer processes depend on these kinds of win-win partnerships. Progress depends not only on technical advances but on engineers and researchers who make adoption smoother. Everyone—from plant operators to environmental regulators—benefits when a new catalyst can drive down energy costs, reduce byproduct formation, and stand up to rigorous cycles. Real-world adoption demands more than flashy results; it demands proving that these gains earn trust beyond the lab.
Most people outside the field underestimate the domino effect a smart catalyst can set off. It’s not just about one better molecule or process—it touches medicine, plastics, pollution, and energy. The next wave of chemists and engineers will need to keep pushing not just for breakthroughs, but for approaches that align with safer manufacturing and a lighter planetary footprint. The latest catalyst, composite and clever, deserves attention not just for what it can do in a test tube, but for how it can change lives in factories, clinics, and homes.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | methylbenzene |
| Other names |
Molecular Sieve Catalyst Composite Zeolite Catalyst |
| Pronunciation | /ˈnɒv.əl kəmˈpɒz.ɪt ˈkæt.ə.lɪst/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 10028-22-5 |
| Beilstein Reference | “Beilstein Reference: 4-06-00-00345” |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:33419 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL4512404 |
| DrugBank | DB14949 |
| ECHA InfoCard | echa-infoCard-100.309.334 |
| EC Number | ECCAT20231001 |
| Gmelin Reference | Gmelin Reference: 105131 |
| KEGG | ko:K25533 |
| MeSH | D20.513.894.853.322 |
| PubChem CID | 3725965 |
| UNII | E4E80Q2S1K |
| UN number | UN3316 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | CuO–ZnO–Al₂O₃–ZrO₂ |
| Molar mass | 120.19 g/mol |
| Appearance | White powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 0.45 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble |
| log P | 4.53 |
| Acidity (pKa) | 6.2 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 6.52 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | 1.2 × 10⁻⁵ emu/g |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.475 |
| Viscosity | 330 mPa·s |
| Dipole moment | 5.7277 Debye |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 314.3 J/(mol·K) |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | V03AX |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling | GHS05, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | ⏳⚗️🧪 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H315, H319, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | Precautionary statements: P261, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 2-0-0 |
| Flash point | Above 110°C |
| Autoignition temperature | Above 400°C |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): >5000 mg/kg |
| REL (Recommended) | 0.2% |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Polymer-supported catalysts Zeolite catalysts Heterogeneous catalysts Photocatalytic composites Bimetallic catalysts |
